Therefore, it is necessary to develop a method for determining the geographical origin of soybeans that can solve the problem of intentionally mislabeling the origin of soybeans, which has disrupted the soybean distribution system and created confusion among consumers. Processing technologies that can minimize the destruction of beneficial nutrients while removing unnecessary nutrients from the soybeans must be developed and applied appropriately depending on the origin.
Third, different soybean processing technologies are required depending on the soybean origin because the content of useful nutrients or anti-nutritional factors (trypsin inhibitors) varies. Second, regarding the nutritional properties of soybeans, previous studies have shown that the levels of primary and secondary metabolites such as soybean sugars, proteins, fatty acids, and phytochemicals differ depending on the geographical origin. In addition, there are quality degradation issues, such as microbial contamination and pesticide detection, during the storage and distribution of imported soybeans. More than half of the soybeans produced worldwide are GM soybeans this has raised consumer concerns regarding allergy risks. First, the safety issues of genetically modified (GM) soybeans and low-quality imported soybeans should be considered. Identifying the geographical origin of soybeans is important from several perspectives. As soybean trade between countries increases, some soybean distributors and processing companies mix relatively inexpensive imported soybeans with domestic soybeans and sell them without revealing the exact source of origin information. Soybeans are one of the most traded agricultural products worldwide. With the increase in international agricultural trade and consumer demand for safe and high-quality food, identifying the geographical origin of agricultural products has increased in importance. Soybean metabolites exhibit a wide range of pharmacologically beneficial effects, including antioxidant, hypo-cholesterolemic, anticarcinogenic, immunostimulatory, antidiabetic activities, and reduction of osteoporosis risk. It is also rich in soluble sugars/dietary fiber (35%) and oil (20%), 85% of which is cholesterol-free, and contains both monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Soybean contains 40% protein therefore, it is a common, rich and easily accessible protein source. Merr.) is an important legume for food, animal feed, and biofuels. The methods employed in this study can be used to obtain essential information for the authentication of soybean samples from diverse geographical locations in future studies. Soybeans from the northeastern, middle, and southern regions of China were successfully differentiated by standardized area normalization and UV scaling with a VIP cut-off value of 1.0, resulting in 100% sensitivity, 91.7%–100% specificity, and 94.4%–100% accuracy in a LOO-CV test. The optimal orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) model was obtained using total area normalization and unit variance (UV) scaling, without applying the variable influences on projection (VIP) cut-off value, resulting in 96.9% sensitivity, 94.4% specificity, and 95.6% accuracy in the leave-one-out cross validation (LOO-CV) test for discriminating between Korean and Chinese soybeans. In this study, metabolic profiling of soybeans from the Republic of Korea and China was performed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy coupled with multivariate statistical analysis to predict the geographical origin of soybeans.
With the increase in soybean trade between countries, the intentional mislabeling of the origin of soybeans has become a serious problem worldwide.
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